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Miklós Németh
Miklós Németh (:ˈmikloːʃ ˈneːmɛt) (born 14 January 1948, in Monok, Hungary) is a Hungarian economist and politician, who served as Prime Minister of Hungary from 24 November 1988 to 23 May 1990.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=''Political leaders: Hungary'' )〕 He was one of the leaders of the Socialist Workers' Party, Hungary's Communist party, in the tumultuous years that led to the collapse of communism in Eastern and Central Europe.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=''UNDP Statement on External Review'' )〕 He was the last Communist Prime Minister of Hungary.
==Early life==
Németh was born into a poor Catholic peasant family on 14 January 1948 in Monok, the birthplace of revolutionary Lajos Kossuth. He was of Swabian origin on maternal side, the Stajzs were settled down by the aristocrat Károlyi family in the 18th century. Németh's grandfather was deported from Monok to the Soviet Union in autumn 1944, where from he returned home only in 1951, while his father, András Németh, a devout Catholic fought in the Battle of Voronezh and survived the disaster at Don River. He returned to Hungary in 1946. That kind of dual identity was present in Németh's political life, the Christian family background behind his Communist party carrier. For instance, when he married Erzsébet Szilágyi in 1971, there were also a church wedding after civil marriage. Németh was 8 years old during the Hungarian Revolution of 1956. He had just isolated experiences about the events; his parents listened Radio Free Europe, 1848 flags were erected in the main square of the village, and the local party secretary was arrested and freedom fighters forced him to recite Lord's Prayer. Németh could not have known the whole truth of the events due state propaganda and concealment until his studies in the United States.
After finishing elementary school in Szerencs, Németh attended Berzeviczy Gergely School of Trade and Catering in Miskolc since 1962, where theologian and historian Gábor Deák was one of his teachers. He took his final exam in 1966, after that he had been accepted at Karl Marx University of Economics. Uniquely in the academic system of the communist era, the university had a certain degree of autonomy due to the powerful and influential rector Kálmán Szabó, who had participated in the preparation and production of a major economic reform, called New Economic Mechanism in 1968, which introduced some market and capitalist elements to the Hungarian economic system. Under this reformist leadership, a new economist intelligentsia emerged instead of Orthodox Marxist experts, which had already acquainted with the Western mainstream curriculum and they had the opportunity to study abroad.
Németh graduated in 1971, after that he became an assistant lecturer, later full-time university professor. Németh won a scholarship of International Research & Exchanges Board to the United States for 1975/76 semesters, where he subsequently attended Harvard University in Boston. He learnt decision theory, cost–benefit analysis and business law. Németh later was accused by hard-line communist leaders that Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) recruited him during Harvard year, however he called these charges as "nonsensical".
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